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Useful Ubuntu Linux Commands
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Linux commands can be far from intuitive, with files related to a single application seemingly scattered throughout various locations, such as usr, bin, etc, var. This can make it difficult to recall how to invoke certain essential but not every-day commands. This page lists these commands in a single place. |
compton, 6 September 07
Updated 26 June 09
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List the most recently modified file
ls -lt | grep ^[^dt] | head -1
Switch to a Virtual Terminal from the command line
sudo chvt 1
Display a Unix timestamp in a readable form
date -d @1193144433
Reset WINE (equivalent to a reboot in Windows)
wineboot
Restart the pulseaudio deamon
pulseaudio -k; pulseaudio -D
Restart Apache2 on Ubuntu
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
View Apache2 error log
gedit /var/log/apache2/error.log
This location is also where apache keeps its access.log file.
Force Disk Check on Next Reboot
sudo touch /forcefsck
Reload Apache2 Config Settings
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload
Install Apache2 Module (eg ModRewrite)
sudo a2enmod module_name
eg sudo a2enmod rewrite
Then force Apache to reload config settings as above.
Regenerate the fonts cache:
sudo fc-cache -fv
The default location of system fonts is /usr/share/fonts/. Different font types are grouped into subfolders off here.
Create a symbolic link
ln -s /path/to/target /path/to/linkname
Change the target of an existing symbolic link
ln -s /path/to/target /path/to/linkname --force
If the link already exists, this command will change it so it links to the specified target location. If it doesn't already exist, it will be created as normal.
Copy a file over a network via SSH
ssh -l {login_name} 192.168.0.XXX cat /path/to/target > /path/to/outputfile
Shortcuts for Eclipse IDE
Lower Case: CTRL+SHIFT+Y
Upper Case: CTRL+SHIFT+X
Jump to Matching Bracket: CTRL+SHIFT+P
Copy current line(s) and place them above/below: CTRL+ALT+UP/DOWN
Move current line(s): ALT+UP/DOWN
Comment/uncomment current line(s): CTRL+/
Close current file: CTRL+W
Find open file: CTRL+E
Import Gzipped MySQL Database on the command line
gunzip < /path/to/database.sql.gz | mysql -u root -D databasename
The final -D databasename option for the mysql client selects the named database, and is only necessary when the gzipped SQL file doesn't begin with a USE databasename command.
Unix for loop syntax
The following returns every line in all files called build.mk in all subdirectories of the current working directory which contain the text 'bird', along with the name of each file:
for filename in `find . -name *.mk`; do grep -H bird $filename; done
Typical output might be:
./src/mozilla/extensions/build.mk:# Ben Turner mozilla@bongbirdnest.com
The name and path of each file appears, a colon then the actual line containing the string 'bird'.
Mount an ISO Image in Unix
sudo mount -o loop /path/to/iso /path/to/mount/point
Replace Underscores with Spaces in File and Directory Names
ls | while read filename ; do echo "$filename" | grep "_" >/dev/null 2>&1 ; if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then newfilename=`echo "$filename" | tr "_" " "`; mv "$filename" "$newfilename" ; echo "renamed \"$filename\" to \"$newfilename\"" ; fi ; done
List installed packages
How you do this will depend on the package manager used by your distribution. For RPM based distros, such as Red Hat, Fedora Core, Suse Linux, Cent OS, use:
rpm -qa | grep -i 'package-name'
The i switch on grep is pretty unnecessary really, as all libraries seem to use only lower case.
For .deb systems such as Debian and Ubuntu, use:
dpkg --list | grep -i 'package-name' |
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