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Essential Ubuntu Linux Commands

Linux commands can be far from intuitive, with files related to a single application seemingly scattered throughout various locations, such as usr, bin, etc, var. This can make it difficult to recall how to invoke certain essential but not every-day commands. This page lists these commands in a single place.
Rich, 6 September 07
Updated 5 August 08
Switch to a Virtual Terminal from the command line
sudo chvt 1

Reset WINE (equivalent to a reboot in Windows)
wineboot

Restart the pulseaudio deamon
pulseaudio -k; pulseaudio -D

Restart Apache2 on Ubuntu
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

View Apache2 error log
gedit /var/log/apache2/error.log

This location is also where apache keeps its access.log file.

Force Disk Check on Next Reboot
sudo touch /forcefsck

Reload Apache2 Config Settings
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload

Install Apache2 Module (eg ModRewrite)
sudo a2enmod module_name

eg sudo a2enmod rewrite

Then force Apache to reload config settings as above.

Regenerate the fonts cache:
sudo fc-cache -fv

Create a symbolic link
ln -s /path/to/target /path/to/linkname

Change the target of an existing symbolic link
ln -s /path/to/target /path/to/linkname --force

If the link already exists, this command will change it so it links to the specified target location. If it doesn't already exist, it will be created as normal.

Copy a file over a network via SSH
ssh -l {login_name} 192.168.0.XXX cat /path/to/target > /path/to/outputfile

Shortcuts for Eclipse IDE
Lower Case: CTRL+SHIFT+Y
Upper Case: CTRL+SHIFT+X
Match Bracket: CTRL+SHIFT+P
Copy current line(s) and place them above/below: CTRL+SHIFT+UP/DOWN
Move current line(s): ALT+UP/DOWN
Comment/uncomment current line(s): CTRL+/